Molecule may be key to nicotine addiction :: essays research papers

A single molecule may be partly to blame for nicotine’s addictive allure, a finding that researchers say could lead to potential therapies to help millions of smokers quit a life-threatening habit. More than 4 million people around the globe — 440,000 of them Americans — die from smoking-related causes each year. And, the nicotine-laced smoke damages more than just their lungs. The California researchers not only pinpointed a molecule responsible for nicotine addiction, they also created specialized mice to make it easier to search for other molecules impacted by nicotine addiction. The research team started by fiddling with a single gene to create mice that were hypersensitive to nicotine. The genetically engineered mice were tripped up by the tiniest exposure to nicotine — a concentration 1/50th of the strength of nicotine coursing through a typical smoker’s blood. Once hooked, the mice experienced classic signs of nicotine dependence that keep smokers puffing, the research team reports Friday in the journal Science. â€Å"Dependence-related behaviors, including reward, tolerance, and sensitization, occur strongly and at remarkably low nicotine doses† in the mice, the research team wrote. In humans, reward arrives as a pleasant little jolt of dopamine, a calming brain chemical unleashed by nicotine. The body’s tolerance for the drug leads to more smoking. Sensitization means not feeling good without a nicotine fix, said Henry Lester, a biology professor at the California Institute of Technology who was among the paper’s 10 authors. In mice, researchers saw reward when mice chose nicotine hits over salt, changed body temperatures as evidence of tolerance and more running around among sensitized mice. Other researchers praised the study. The findings â€Å"not only provide direct evidence of how nicotine promotes dependence, but also raise fundamental questions about the genetics of addiction,† researchers at the Centre Medical Universitaire, in Geneva, Switzerland, wrote in a companion piece. Could drugs fight addiction? If the findings in mice hold true for humans, the work points to a specific target for a new drug to attack, others suggest. People become dependent on nicotine when it parks in nerve cell receptors designed for the chemical acetylcholine. Once nicotine fills that space, dopamine is released. By knowing the specific parking place where nicotine can exact a high toll, a drug could be fashioned to fill it. â€Å"The power lies in the ability to be so specific. In being so specific, you can treat the cause without the ramifications of the side effects,† said Stephen L.

Advantages and Disadvantages Living in the City

The percentage of agreement by the students that the increment affect their lives is higher than that stated they were not affected. Based on the observations, this may be due to male students only use a motorcycle as their regular transportation. For this reason, it may because of they were more interested to use car instead of other type of vehicles. So, the level of oil consumption by the female students were higher than the male students.We can conclude that, the students’ daily live were very affected by the increment of the fuel prices. Figure 7 Here, students who lived nearly to the campus will have the opportunity to walk to the class and they also contribute in environment’s protection. From our observation, this kind of transportations were most preferred by the male students and motorcycle also require low cost and easy to maintain. From our observation, female students used more car to go to the campus than the male students.They found that car is more comfo rt, even it requires better maintenance and high cost. Students have indicated that bus services in UTM was not so good. This may not happen, if the bus management is upgraded. Bicycle is good for getting good health and environmental protection but it only not all the students are preferred to use bicycle because it may be due to the state of various UTM’s topography. So, it can be seen that the FKA’s students was mostly preferred to walk to go to the campus. Advantages and Disadvantages Living in the City The percentage of agreement by the students that the increment affect their lives is higher than that stated they were not affected. Based on the observations, this may be due to male students only use a motorcycle as their regular transportation. For this reason, it may because of they were more interested to use car instead of other type of vehicles. So, the level of oil consumption by the female students were higher than the male students. We can conclude that, the students’ daily live were very affected by the increment of the fuel prices.Here, students who lived nearly to the campus will have the opportunity to walk to the class and they also contribute in environment’s protection. From our observation, this kind of transportations were most preferred by the male students and motorcycle also require low cost and easy to maintain. From our observation, female students used more car to go to the campus than the male students. They found that car is more comfort, even it requires better maintenance and high cost.Students have indicated that bus services in UTM was not so good. This may not happen, if the bus management is upgraded. Bicycle is good for getting good health and environmental protection but it only not all the students are preferred to use bicycle because it may be due to the state of various UTM’s topography. So, it can be seen that the FKA’s students was mostly preferred to walk to go to the campus.

The Negative Effects Of The Family In Upton Sinclairs The...

As of 2015, immigrants make up more than 43.3 percent of the United States population. By the early 1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrates to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system during the time, but also exposes the severe torment and misery that was faced by the working class. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, describes†¦show more content†¦Once each man is finished dancing with the bride he is supposed to donate money to the bride and groom in order for them to pay the bills of the veselija and maybe have a little left over for them to star t their like upon. Many of the guests at Jurgis and Ona’s veselija were poor and could not afford to contribute money to the newlyweds; most of the young men at the feast would come in to fill themselves with food and alcohol, dance with Ona, and quickly disappear without paying. A veselija is said to cost around three hundred dollars, and Jurgis and his family make no where close to that amount. Because of this, Ona grew very terrified of all the bills they could not pay and how much debt they would be in. At the end of the night, Jurgis tells Ona that she wont be going to Brown’s, a meatpacking factory where Ona worked. Ona tries to argue that her not going will ruin them, however Jurgis just replies saying that she should just leave it to him and that he will work harder and earn more money. In addition, The Jungle shines a light behind the economy and politics during the 1900s. Phil Connor, a meatpacking factory boss and a friend of Mike Scully, blackmailed Ona, who worked at his factory, to have sex with him. Connor told Ona threatened that if she didn’t agree or if she told anyone what was happening, he would ensure Jurgis and Marija lose their jobs. Furthermore, Connor forces Ona to work at Miss Henderson’s brothel- a house ofShow MoreRelatedEmpathy InThe Jungle, Migrant Mother, And Harvest Gypsy951 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch empathy from an audience as disconcerting photographs. Hence the question is, are words more effective at eliciting empathy than illustrations? â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair, â€Å"Migrant Mother† by Dorothea Lange, and â€Å"Harvest Gypsies† by John Steinbeck all evoke empathy. However, I found the figurative language and rhetoric from â€Å"The Jungle† to be the best at evoking empathy from me. Dorothea Lange’s photograph, â€Å"Migrant Mother† captures a desperate mother attempting to support her two childrenRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1989 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the Haitians. Upton Sinclair seemed to have a similar view of the Lithuanian immigrants of the 1800s. Upton Sinclair is the author of The Jungle, a book that follows a family of Lithuanian immigrants as they travel to and try to make their way in America. Sinclair used the book to speak out about the issues of America through the eyes of immigrants, including the economic system and the corruption within the government. The question this paper is required to answer is if Upton Sinclair adequatelyRead MoreMain Goals of The Progressive Movement Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel writer named Upton Sinclair. He was most known for his book The Jungle, which became a worldwide bestseller and dramatically changed food regulation during the Progressive Era. Many people saw the results of this book as good, but they did not see the corruption it caused. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle changed food regulation in America forever, but the effects that came about because of The Jungle were more detrimental than beneficial. Upton Beall Sinclair grew up in a poor family, always movingRead MoreSlaveism And Protestism In The Jungle, By Upton Sinclair1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"The Jungle† author Upton Sinclair manages to embody and portray the harsh conditions and unjust lives of immigrants in the United States. This novel was an importance piece of protest literature because at the current time American capitalism was demolishing whatever was left of the working class. Due to this, journalists, known as â€Å"muckrakers at the time†, set out to reveal the brutality implanted into the system. Upton Sinclair was considered one of those muckrakers because of oneRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrated to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant fa milies came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic systemRead More Upton Sinclairs The Jungle and the Meat-Packing Industry Today2817 Words   |  12 Pagesrevolution in America. The history of the meatpacking industry in America, the impact of literature such as the novel of the jungle written by Upton Sinclair, the rendering and irradiation of meat, and current worker issues contribute to the horrible safety precautions as well as the awful environment involving the meatpacking industry. Meatpacking served as solely a family business up until the 17th century. As population in America grew immensely, industry as well as urbanization created a demandRead MoreThe Jungle : Social Criticism And Realism1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle, due to its strong social criticism and realism in portrayal of social issues evident in the given period of time, put Sinclair at the center of radical social movement that was held by its members to resist the acceleration of total capitalism in early 20th century in America, the period that was identified as the â€Å"Progressive Era.† The main purpose of those movements was aimed at bringing the awareness of public through literature about the dominance of political elites who gained aRead MoreEssay about Negative Stereotypes of Vegetarianism2617 Words   |  11 Pagestime it was considered a staple for some. However, meat eaters started to pay attention to what they were consuming once Upton Sinclair’s famous novel The Jungle was published in the early 1930’s. It drew so much attention that the Pure Food and Drug Act passed to prevent the unsanitary and hazardous practices mentioned in The Jungle from happening. However, before Upton Sinclair’s novel was published few were already recognizing the ethical and nutritional (in this time period) hazards that happenedRead More The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical corruption were also serious issues. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The press was all too quick to point out social problems and served to bring many issues into public consciousness. Known as â€Å"muckrackers†, journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Upton Sinclair pointed out dirty politics, unsanitary handling of food food, and dangerous working conditions. Political cartoons, too, were immensely popular and often satirized common social problems. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"By 1900, the transformation

How Psychology Enhances Our Scientific Understanding Of...

It is difficult to determine whether psychology enhances our scientific understanding of human behaviour, according to Kuhn (1962) psychology is a pre-science. This essay concerns the evaluation to whether contemporary psychology enhances scientific understanding of human behaviour. Psychology is commonly referred to as the scientific study of one’s mind and behaviour. In order to research the extent to which this is true, it is important to consider the definition of science. Sciences are objective as it aims to study observable facts which direct theories. A science is also characterised by the concept that variables are testable and can be either verified or falsified. According to Popper (1963) science is the process where theories are created first then hypotheses are generated allowing it to be confirmed or disconfirmed. When psychological theories are falsifiable and can be proved or disproved its content becomes more robust and tenable. Further research by Kuhn (1962) suggested that paradigms (beliefs that replace old ones) are an important underpinning aspect of scientific approaches. More recent research by Boyack, Klavans and Borner (2005) identified the most influential areas in science by analysing a million scientific research articles and found psychology to be widely influential in science and therefore highlighting the importance of psychology’s position as a science. Finally, this essay aims to establish whether psychology can enhance scientificShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Psychology Essay 31067 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: What Is Psychology? One of the most common questions asked by students new to the study of psychology is What is psychology? Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychology include mentalRead MoreTraining For A Career As A Childcare Director889 Words   |  4 PagesUMUC offers numerous courses in Psychology so as to provide students with the knowledge that they will need in order to be successful in their future careers. The curriculum offered ensures that students acquire a knowledge base of theory, research, and practice in psychological sciences. Although some of the courses offered are required in order to obtain an undergraduate degree in Psychology, many are available to choose from that meet the interests and needs of each student as well. Upon graduationRead MorePsychological Progression Through Definition And Perception877 Words   |  4 Pages Within the curiosity of the human mind lies a variety of occurrences that have plagued philosophers, scientists, and skeptics alike. What is the part, we as a society, play in the study of the material world? Although, many have theorized, experts are only just now scratching the surface of the mental and behavioral processes of the human mind. However, within the minute distance that examiners have travelled through the world of psychology, scientists have discovered and developed a plethora ofRead MoreHuman Behavior And Inner Emotion1329 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze social behavior in both animals and people. Psychologists use the six main perspectives to better rationalize human behavior and motivation: these perspectives are (but not limited to) the biological, social-cultural, cognitive, developmental, psychodynamic, and behavioral perspectives. These approaches helps psychologists and individuals further their understanding of social behavior and inner emotion. In psychology, a biological perspective is imperative to understanding the brain andRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesand dignity of human beings. They have spoken out against ideologies, beliefs and practices, which held people to be merely the means for accomplishing economic and political ends. They have reminded their contemporaries that the purpose of institutions is to serve and advance the freedom and power of their members. In Western civilization we honor the times and places, such as Classical Greece and Europe of the Renaissance, when such affirmations were expressed. Humanistic Psychology is a contemporaryRead MoreScience Is The Term For A Unique Means Of Understanding The World1469 Words   |  6 PagesScience is the term for a unique means of understanding the world in which experience and reason take priority over intuition and authority. In order for science to take place those involved need to agree to a great extent on what they are studying, how they will study it and how they will express their explanations. Scientific theories are logically created and dependant on empirical evidence. Scientific theorising is self-correcting, as when a theory is wrong it will eventually be proved to beRead MorePersonnel Management and Organizational Behavior1101 Words   |  5 PagesManagerial Skills: Strategies for Helping Managers In Organizations Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior Dr. Tassos Petrou February 20, 2007 Managerial Skills: Strategies for Helping Managers In Organizations Understanding Organizational Behavior (OB) presents countless challenges for managers in today’s changing society. Confronting these challenges accurately will assist managers in developing suitable environments for employees to execute occupational functionsRead More Humanistic Psychology Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesand dignity of human beings. They have spoken out against ideologies, beliefs and practices, which held people to be merely the means for accomplishing economic and political ends. They have reminded their contemporaries that the purpose of institutions is to serve and advance the freedom and power of their members. In Western civilization we honor the times and places, such as Classical Greece and Europe of the Renaissance, when such affirmations were expressed. Humanistic Psychology is a contemporaryRead MoreStructuralism : Social Science And Humanities1073 Words   |  5 Pagessocial science and humanities. It focuses on recurring patterns of though and behavior. Psychology intergrades with philosophy in many ways. With the ideas and concept brought into play by British Empiricist from the 1600’s it open the gates to psychologist and their experimental minds such as the â€Å"father of psychology† Wilhelm Wundt. By the 1800’s E.B. Titchener created his perspectives on structuralism. He focused on human elements on conscious experience. Titchener primarily analyzed this processRead MoreEssay about Reviewing Zimbardo’s Experiment 893 Words   |  4 Pagessummer morning† he then goes into the process by which the subjects were taken into the prison (732). This is an odd way to start a scientific paper, even if it was published in the New York Journal. He then switches between scientific, and novelistic lan guage. In one sentence Zimbardo compares real prisons to â€Å"machines for playing tricks with the human conception of time† how does relating a prison to a machine validate his point? It seems as if Zimbardo is using his language to draw the reader into his

Feminism And The Vote Of Women - 885 Words

Feminism And The Vote The link between feminism and voting is strong, as it should be. For this reason, it is crucial for women to exercise their power to vote. This is important because today, even after women’s suffrage was achieved, the woman’s right to vote is still in question, and for these some, it is still not enough to justify this right. These advocates believe that even though women may legally have the right, they are not competent enough to engage in such activity. To say that the vote of women means nothing and that they lack the competency is by far asinine. Women are not inferior to men no matter the circumstance, but evidently some need a little reminder. It is because of such blatant attempts to prove that women are not capable that the fact that they are needs to be revisited, regardless of how many times, long as this still is an issue and a barrier of discrimination that women face daily. Why is the woman’s vote important? Is the feminist voter turnout higher when a female candidate is on the ballot or is the turnout the same with a male candidate as long as the topics are the same? Do feminists vote on every issue or are they more likely to vote on topics that affect women and their rights? Feminists are women who are educated, informed, well rounded, the perfect combination, so to say that their voice for women does not count is far from accurate. In the United States, as informed citizens, feminists appreciate the right to vote on a muchShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesall, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interestedRead MoreFeminism And The World Of The 2016 Election884 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism and Intersectionality are at the forefront of the 2016 election. While feminism is still viewed in somewhat limited terms of promoting the equality and status of women, Intersectionality is defined in much broader language, as the interconnection of race, gender, ability, and class in the social world. Moreover, all of these intersecting categories overlap and cannot be separated. Thus, the traditional view of feminism, that promotes the equality of women first and foremost, is often pittedRead MoreThree Waves Of Feminism Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThree Waves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of the women s movements. ItRead MoreWomens Legal and Political Rights Essay1275 Words   |  6 Pagesthough some improvements were made, the issue of giving women the vote was still highly opposed. Feminism is linked to the womens movement and is commonly connected with two basic beliefs, that women are disadvantaged because of their sex, and that this disadvantage should be overthrown. Since the nineteenth century womens movement gained a central focus of the campaign for female suffrage and the right to vote. It was Mary Wollstonecraft and Lucretia Mott, who canRead MoreWomen s Privilege By Athlone Mcginnis1409 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is an important liberation movement all around the world fighting for equal rights for women due to their oppression in a male dominated world. For most of time, men have had the upper hand in everything in comparison to women. In regards to Why Modern Feminism is White Women’s Privilege by Athlone McGinnis, â€Å"the core of the feminist movement is its opposition to â€Å"traditional gender roles.† In the western world, women have traditionally taken on the role of a housewife, while men provideRead MoreWomen s Rights Are Still A Problem Today1524 Words   |  7 Pages Women’s rights are still a problem today. Not necessarily rights but how they are treated and how sexist some people are. I personally don’t like how some of the men treat women. They don’t think women can do things for themselves, if we try to be equal or have the same kind of job they discriminate them, because they think men should be in charge and be the leader. Although the campaign for women’s suffrage started before the civil war you can see how long it took them to get what they wantedRead MoreThe Roots Of Feminism : The Fight For Equality1304 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism at its roots was a challenge to patriarchal standards and the exclusion of women from the workplace. Women since the early 1850s have been fighting for equality whether it be for respect or representation in politics, women wanted the same rights as men. The core of feminism although similar in all aspects there are fluxes in the motive behind the motive during the next century and decades. The women’s movement was originally meant for working class white women who wanted to be equal toRead MoreFeminism : An Definition Of Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one hears the term â€Å"Feminism†, she/he may have the idea that it is the urge and desire to gain rights for women. While that is true, it does not describe feminism in its entirety. Many people misinterpret what this term means based on media and people who do not know better. Many people who may misinterpret feminism may describe it as a movement to make women superior to men. They may say that those who claim to be a feminist are ones who hate men and strive to assert themselves aboveRead MoreFeminism : The Word That Strikes Fear Into Everyone s Heart1278 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism: the word that strikes fear into everyone’s heart. When you think of a woman labeled a feminist, what do you picture? If you answered a man-hating lesbian, who is a hostile, cruel and Nazi-like woman’s rights activist, then you are wrong. Way wrong. Feminism, by definition, is â€Å"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities; the theory of the political, economic and social equality of the sexes† (Watson 1). In other words, feminism is not solely about gaining equalRead MoreA Nutshell Solitary Word Is A Basic Human Right1430 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in a nutshell solitary word is: equality- a basic human right that has been the basis of every social movement throughout history and history to come. In one way or another, every ethnicity, race, and gender has been oppressed in some form. All of the â€Å"-isms† have fought to shed light and bring about change to these â€Å"lesser† groups. Feminists are no exception. Feminism has many branches: radical feminism, cultural feminism, liberal feminism, anti-porn feminism, pro-sex feminism, third-wave

Study Guide on Communication Free Essays

1. What is communication? How does communicating relate to parenting? Communication is sharing of meaning between two or more people, it relates to parenting because it helps guide and understand their child better. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide on Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now How can financial issues affect parenting? Financial issues may cause families to spend less time together; children may spend more time be unsupervised and less quality time with their parents. 3. How does negative communication differ from positive communication? Positive parenting differ from negative parenting because positive parenting have to deal with guiding and teaching children and negative have to deal with yelling scream and punishment. 4. How can divorce affect children? Divorce affects children differently depending on the age group under five experience increased temper tantrums, difficulty sleeping, separation anxiety. School children may feel sadness, guilt, anger and develop phobias. Teens experience insecurity, sadness, and engage in drug use, criminal activities, unsafe sex, etc. . What are three tips that parents can use to improve communication with their children? Three communication tips are; 1) Make the child the focus of your attention. 2) Get down to the child’s level physically (eye contact). 3) Delay or Pause conversation if you need to. Critical Thinking Questions 1. Why is it important that parents talk to their children about social issues such as divorce, finances, and unemployment? How can parents talk a bout difficult topics? It is important because children can understand the problems that their family is having. They can sit down and talk to their child in a calm tone without giving negative contact. 2. When teenagers become parents, what are some of the challenges they face? Teens faces challenges such as depression, stress, fitting in with their peers and anxiety. 3. What are at least three techniques that parents can use when they are communicating with a child about a mistake or misbehavior? Three techniques parent can use are 1) Wait before criticizing out of anger. ) Start a constructive criticism conversation on a positive note. 3) Don’t jump to conclusion first get full story. Discussion Question 1. Who is someone that you feel you have a positive relationship with? What role do you think openness and truthfulness have in making this relationship positive? Someone who I have a positive relationship with is my aunt. I think openness and truthfulness play a big role because if it wasn’t for those I wouldn’t be able to have a positive good relationship with her. 2. What effects do you think the various types of media (TV, Internet, newspapers, Facebook, etc†¦) have on your own life and your family? Do you think the overall effect is negative or positive? How can parents reduce the negative effects? I think media have a negative effect on my life because I spend more time with the media than I do with my family and that’s not good. We are starting to be a little distant and not spend quality time with each other. I think my parents can spend less time with media stuff and more time with us. How to cite Study Guide on Communication, Papers

Child Development for Spiritual and Cognitive - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theChild Development for Spiritual and Cognitive Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Understanding child development is very crucial to any given guardian or a parent to understand the emotional, physical, spiritual and cognitive behaviour of the child. Various scholars has tried to explain different theories that explain what happens at each level. If a child is fixated at any given age level it leads to erotic behaviour. The following written material shows how the three years old girl is linked to theories of development. Physical development Ruby is always happy when cutting, sticking or colouring. She is more attracted to her toy than anything else and she spends a lot of time making clothes and food for them. She always finds her mum to help her put buttons and put on shoes to her toy. Ruby is seen to like to wear her lovely batman outfit, she does this always upon her aunts visit to her home. Ruby also loves her favourite dress that makes her feel highly appreciated. She always likes to wear that dress when going out. Rubys behaviour can be derived from the theoretical framework of infant development. According to Garvis et al., (2017) he suggested that physical environment starts from an intermediate of a child and entails development of motor skills for example running ,climbing trees and pedalling the bicycle. Boys are said to develop the motor skills very fast compared to the girls. Ruby a three years old girl, she is energetic and is always found playing with other children, she is also seen trying to ride her bicycle just like the boys within their area do. Ruby is seen making an attempt to climb on a jungle gym but it is very hard for her. Ruby has some of the skills listed in the theory like ridding bicycle and buttoning up the clothes for her toy and also feeding them. Cognitive development The mind development is seen in our study little girl Ruby, she waits for her dad to come back since the dad like to have a rough and tumble on the floor. Ruby loves playing with the elder brother and tries to copy him when he is doing his homework. She loves talking much with her mother and enjoys other things such as visiting the library, baking, reading books and also playing make believe when she pretends to be Dorothy and her mum as the captain feather sword. it's also seen how ruby starts to remember the major words in her favourite book and most of the times she points some words that are linked to the pictures. The cognitive behaviour shown by Ruby can be closely linked to the theory of cognitive development by Piaget According to Sigelman et al., (2016) suggested that young children according to Piaget's theory when they are in the preoperational stage they show an advancement in thinking but they are not in a position to hold a very complex relationship. For example, the child cannot understand that the dad at one time was a little kid of her grandmother. Ruby is sometimes given the puzzle to fill by her father, he gave her either one big chocolate fish or gave her five tiny chocolate fish but ruby instead chose five fishes. The second time she was given two things, a short and fat glass of juice but she chooses the tall thin glass. The cognitive perspective the young children can benefit from both sensory and motor schemes for their little to a more complex thought (DeVellis, R. F., 2016). The preoperational reasoning is seen from about two to six years and is reflected by a change by use of symbolic thinking that allows children to interact with other children, to be able to use language, children try to play with their imaginations. The child may also not be able to understand that her brother is also his sister brother. In order to understand this complex closeness, the child needs a cognitive ability that is beyond preoperational reasoning. Those kids in preoperational stage are prone to making many errors and some of them include centration, egocentrism, animism, and irreversibility. According to Piaget's sensorimotor tasks they bring down children or the infants cognitive potential. His practical aspect of preoperational thinking also underrates infants. He argues that infant's tasks depend much on the language rather than his or her any action. Social culture development Ruby always copies what the brother does. Copying is part of social culture view. She always likes to associate with the teachers and she loves them. Socially she is developing even we can see her taking cleaning responsibility. As we can see from development theory we can then link the behaviour to the theory of Vygotsky. The social culture development was developed by Vygotsky (Levykh, M. G., 2008). The social culture theory determines how we see a thing and how we become. What children becomes, not from what they do but what they learn when they associate with others. According to him, the social culture perspective is that, the social experiences that the child develops they get it from their experiences. Emotional development According to our text ruby goes to early childhood centre and sometimes finds it difficult to tell her mum goodbye, she pleads her mother not to leave her and sometimes gets angry. Ruby likes when her favourite toy is brought from home and hold it close to her. Although she is clever in a way she gets disappointed at times. She is able to express her emotion in words. her parents are very good listener's since they listen to her always and consider her views about what she needs to eat maybe in lunch, what she will have to do in the afternoon. If ruby doesn't find what she desires she goes to bed. Sometimes she is allowed to read her favourite if her dad had already read the story and told them good night. We can link her behaviour with the theory that was developed by Erik Erikson. This theory explains how the inborn qualities of a child and the environment relate to influence a behaviour. Erik dealt with social culture and developed eight stages of psychosocial development (Garvis, S., Nislev, E., 2017). He said that in order for a child to go to the next level he or she needs to overcome some problems that arise from it and if one fails to do so it affects the future development. The most important thing as a parent is how to determine a child's spiritual attitude as they move up and grow. Between the age of three and five the cycle social crises as initiative versus guilt (Sigelman et al., (2016). The child can know what is wrong and right. Spiritual development Spiritual development is very crucial to childs life, spiritual growth is dependent on the environment the child grows. Ruby loves to be supportive and shows creativity by irrigating equipment and the farm and cleaning dishes after the meal. She is happy to move to the centre since she loved all the teachers, children and amazing equipment's. She finds it hard to leave her teacher in the centre but was able to change slowly and adapt to the change. Ruby spiritual development can be linked with the theory that was developed by Bronfenbrenner. He views how the child develops in a given environment within a system that he or she relates with. Bronfenbrenner gives a clear definition of the layers of the environment, each with an implication on the kid's growth of a child. The theory has been named as "bio ecological systems theory" to put emphasis on the baby's biology in an initial environment promoting her growth. The relations between the factor promoting maturity in the child's biology, the close family or community ecosystem and the societies background promotes and drives the child's growth and development. Changes or struggles in one layer will flow throughout the other layers (Tudge, J. R., 2009). To study a child's development then, we must look not only at the child and her immediate environment but also at the interaction of the larger environment as well. He described how the inherited characteristics of any given infant interact with the environment to determine infant development and growth. He said that it is very crucial to study a child in many environment (Sigelman et al., (2016). An infant finds themselves in different environments, home environment moving towards big school environment. Conclusion Ruby is a young girl whose parent should watch more closely every time to prevent any kind of fixation. From the critical study of the girl it is evident that, theories that are put in publicized materials are in line with the study that was done. It is of great importance for everybody under parenting process to understand the theories of child development. This will help in healthy parenting strategies that will enhance proper stage development of a child up to adulthood. Growth development of the child can be linked clearly with the theories of child development. References Garvis, S., Nislev, E. (2017). Mathematics with Infants and Toddlers. InEngaging Families as Children's First Mathematics Educators(pp. 33-46). Springer, Singapore. Levykh, M. G. (2008). The affective establishment and maintenance of Vygotskys zone of proximal development.Educational theory,58(1), 83-101. Kramer, M. S., Aboud, F., Mironova, E., Vanilovich, I., Platt, R. W., Matush, L., Collet, J. P. (2008). Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.Archives of general psychiatry,65(5), 578-584. Sigelman, C.K., Rider, E.A., De George-Walker, L. (2016). Life span human development. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic, Australia: Cengage Learning. Tudge, J. R., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B. E., Karnik, R. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bio ecological theory of human development.Journal of Family Theory Review,1(4), 198-210.