Molecule may be key to nicotine addiction :: essays research papers

A single molecule may be partly to blame for nicotine’s addictive allure, a finding that researchers say could lead to potential therapies to help millions of smokers quit a life-threatening habit. More than 4 million people around the globe — 440,000 of them Americans — die from smoking-related causes each year. And, the nicotine-laced smoke damages more than just their lungs. The California researchers not only pinpointed a molecule responsible for nicotine addiction, they also created specialized mice to make it easier to search for other molecules impacted by nicotine addiction. The research team started by fiddling with a single gene to create mice that were hypersensitive to nicotine. The genetically engineered mice were tripped up by the tiniest exposure to nicotine — a concentration 1/50th of the strength of nicotine coursing through a typical smoker’s blood. Once hooked, the mice experienced classic signs of nicotine dependence that keep smokers puffing, the research team reports Friday in the journal Science. â€Å"Dependence-related behaviors, including reward, tolerance, and sensitization, occur strongly and at remarkably low nicotine doses† in the mice, the research team wrote. In humans, reward arrives as a pleasant little jolt of dopamine, a calming brain chemical unleashed by nicotine. The body’s tolerance for the drug leads to more smoking. Sensitization means not feeling good without a nicotine fix, said Henry Lester, a biology professor at the California Institute of Technology who was among the paper’s 10 authors. In mice, researchers saw reward when mice chose nicotine hits over salt, changed body temperatures as evidence of tolerance and more running around among sensitized mice. Other researchers praised the study. The findings â€Å"not only provide direct evidence of how nicotine promotes dependence, but also raise fundamental questions about the genetics of addiction,† researchers at the Centre Medical Universitaire, in Geneva, Switzerland, wrote in a companion piece. Could drugs fight addiction? If the findings in mice hold true for humans, the work points to a specific target for a new drug to attack, others suggest. People become dependent on nicotine when it parks in nerve cell receptors designed for the chemical acetylcholine. Once nicotine fills that space, dopamine is released. By knowing the specific parking place where nicotine can exact a high toll, a drug could be fashioned to fill it. â€Å"The power lies in the ability to be so specific. In being so specific, you can treat the cause without the ramifications of the side effects,† said Stephen L.

Advantages and Disadvantages Living in the City

The percentage of agreement by the students that the increment affect their lives is higher than that stated they were not affected. Based on the observations, this may be due to male students only use a motorcycle as their regular transportation. For this reason, it may because of they were more interested to use car instead of other type of vehicles. So, the level of oil consumption by the female students were higher than the male students.We can conclude that, the students’ daily live were very affected by the increment of the fuel prices. Figure 7 Here, students who lived nearly to the campus will have the opportunity to walk to the class and they also contribute in environment’s protection. From our observation, this kind of transportations were most preferred by the male students and motorcycle also require low cost and easy to maintain. From our observation, female students used more car to go to the campus than the male students.They found that car is more comfo rt, even it requires better maintenance and high cost. Students have indicated that bus services in UTM was not so good. This may not happen, if the bus management is upgraded. Bicycle is good for getting good health and environmental protection but it only not all the students are preferred to use bicycle because it may be due to the state of various UTM’s topography. So, it can be seen that the FKA’s students was mostly preferred to walk to go to the campus. Advantages and Disadvantages Living in the City The percentage of agreement by the students that the increment affect their lives is higher than that stated they were not affected. Based on the observations, this may be due to male students only use a motorcycle as their regular transportation. For this reason, it may because of they were more interested to use car instead of other type of vehicles. So, the level of oil consumption by the female students were higher than the male students. We can conclude that, the students’ daily live were very affected by the increment of the fuel prices.Here, students who lived nearly to the campus will have the opportunity to walk to the class and they also contribute in environment’s protection. From our observation, this kind of transportations were most preferred by the male students and motorcycle also require low cost and easy to maintain. From our observation, female students used more car to go to the campus than the male students. They found that car is more comfort, even it requires better maintenance and high cost.Students have indicated that bus services in UTM was not so good. This may not happen, if the bus management is upgraded. Bicycle is good for getting good health and environmental protection but it only not all the students are preferred to use bicycle because it may be due to the state of various UTM’s topography. So, it can be seen that the FKA’s students was mostly preferred to walk to go to the campus.

The Negative Effects Of The Family In Upton Sinclairs The...

As of 2015, immigrants make up more than 43.3 percent of the United States population. By the early 1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrates to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system during the time, but also exposes the severe torment and misery that was faced by the working class. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, describes†¦show more content†¦Once each man is finished dancing with the bride he is supposed to donate money to the bride and groom in order for them to pay the bills of the veselija and maybe have a little left over for them to star t their like upon. Many of the guests at Jurgis and Ona’s veselija were poor and could not afford to contribute money to the newlyweds; most of the young men at the feast would come in to fill themselves with food and alcohol, dance with Ona, and quickly disappear without paying. A veselija is said to cost around three hundred dollars, and Jurgis and his family make no where close to that amount. Because of this, Ona grew very terrified of all the bills they could not pay and how much debt they would be in. At the end of the night, Jurgis tells Ona that she wont be going to Brown’s, a meatpacking factory where Ona worked. Ona tries to argue that her not going will ruin them, however Jurgis just replies saying that she should just leave it to him and that he will work harder and earn more money. In addition, The Jungle shines a light behind the economy and politics during the 1900s. Phil Connor, a meatpacking factory boss and a friend of Mike Scully, blackmailed Ona, who worked at his factory, to have sex with him. Connor told Ona threatened that if she didn’t agree or if she told anyone what was happening, he would ensure Jurgis and Marija lose their jobs. Furthermore, Connor forces Ona to work at Miss Henderson’s brothel- a house ofShow MoreRelatedEmpathy InThe Jungle, Migrant Mother, And Harvest Gypsy951 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch empathy from an audience as disconcerting photographs. Hence the question is, are words more effective at eliciting empathy than illustrations? â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair, â€Å"Migrant Mother† by Dorothea Lange, and â€Å"Harvest Gypsies† by John Steinbeck all evoke empathy. However, I found the figurative language and rhetoric from â€Å"The Jungle† to be the best at evoking empathy from me. Dorothea Lange’s photograph, â€Å"Migrant Mother† captures a desperate mother attempting to support her two childrenRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1989 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the Haitians. Upton Sinclair seemed to have a similar view of the Lithuanian immigrants of the 1800s. Upton Sinclair is the author of The Jungle, a book that follows a family of Lithuanian immigrants as they travel to and try to make their way in America. Sinclair used the book to speak out about the issues of America through the eyes of immigrants, including the economic system and the corruption within the government. The question this paper is required to answer is if Upton Sinclair adequatelyRead MoreMain Goals of The Progressive Movement Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel writer named Upton Sinclair. He was most known for his book The Jungle, which became a worldwide bestseller and dramatically changed food regulation during the Progressive Era. Many people saw the results of this book as good, but they did not see the corruption it caused. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle changed food regulation in America forever, but the effects that came about because of The Jungle were more detrimental than beneficial. Upton Beall Sinclair grew up in a poor family, always movingRead MoreSlaveism And Protestism In The Jungle, By Upton Sinclair1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"The Jungle† author Upton Sinclair manages to embody and portray the harsh conditions and unjust lives of immigrants in the United States. This novel was an importance piece of protest literature because at the current time American capitalism was demolishing whatever was left of the working class. Due to this, journalists, known as â€Å"muckrakers at the time†, set out to reveal the brutality implanted into the system. Upton Sinclair was considered one of those muckrakers because of oneRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrated to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant fa milies came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic systemRead More Upton Sinclairs The Jungle and the Meat-Packing Industry Today2817 Words   |  12 Pagesrevolution in America. The history of the meatpacking industry in America, the impact of literature such as the novel of the jungle written by Upton Sinclair, the rendering and irradiation of meat, and current worker issues contribute to the horrible safety precautions as well as the awful environment involving the meatpacking industry. Meatpacking served as solely a family business up until the 17th century. As population in America grew immensely, industry as well as urbanization created a demandRead MoreThe Jungle : Social Criticism And Realism1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle, due to its strong social criticism and realism in portrayal of social issues evident in the given period of time, put Sinclair at the center of radical social movement that was held by its members to resist the acceleration of total capitalism in early 20th century in America, the period that was identified as the â€Å"Progressive Era.† The main purpose of those movements was aimed at bringing the awareness of public through literature about the dominance of political elites who gained aRead MoreEssay about Negative Stereotypes of Vegetarianism2617 Words   |  11 Pagestime it was considered a staple for some. However, meat eaters started to pay attention to what they were consuming once Upton Sinclair’s famous novel The Jungle was published in the early 1930’s. It drew so much attention that the Pure Food and Drug Act passed to prevent the unsanitary and hazardous practices mentioned in The Jungle from happening. However, before Upton Sinclair’s novel was published few were already recognizing the ethical and nutritional (in this time period) hazards that happenedRead More The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster Essay2607 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical corruption were also serious issues. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The press was all too quick to point out social problems and served to bring many issues into public consciousness. Known as â€Å"muckrackers†, journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Upton Sinclair pointed out dirty politics, unsanitary handling of food food, and dangerous working conditions. Political cartoons, too, were immensely popular and often satirized common social problems. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"By 1900, the transformation